Honua - Premier Adipic Acid: ʻO ka Poloka Kūkulu Koʻikoʻi no nā Polymers Hana Kiʻekiʻe a me nā Kemika

Nā Waiwai Kino a me nā Kemika

ʻAno a me ke ʻano: ʻO ka maʻamau, hōʻike ʻia ka Adipic Acid ma ke ʻano he pauka keʻokeʻo, crystalline a i ʻole nā ​​kristal liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻohe kala. He ʻano laumania kona a ʻaʻohe ona ʻala ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, kahi e kūpono ai no nā noi like ʻole kahi e pono ai kahi ʻano sensory kūlike ʻole.
Ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia: Hōʻike ia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana i ka wai, me kahi 1.44 g e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ana i loko o 100 mL o ka wai ma 25°C. Eia nō naʻe, he mea hoʻoheheʻe loa ia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik e like me ka ethanol, acetone, a me ka benzene. ʻO kēia ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hiki ai iā ia ke komo pono i nā ʻano hana kemika a me nā ʻano hana.

Nā Kūlana Kino Koʻikoʻi: ʻO 146.14 g/mol ka nui o ka molar o ka Adipic Acid. Aia kona density ma kahi o 1.36 g/cm³ ma 25°C, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai ma mua o ka wai. ʻO 152°C ke kiko heheʻe o ka adipic acid, e hōʻike ana i kona hoʻololi ʻana mai kahi paʻa i kahi wai ma lalo o nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻolapalapa ʻia ma 337.5°C, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻomaka e pala ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i kēia mahana ma lalo o ke kaomi lewa. ʻO 207°C kona kiko lapalapa, e hōʻike ana he pono ia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me nā kumu hoʻā e hoʻoweliweli i ka lapalapa ʻana.

Ka Hana Kemika: Ma ke ʻano he waikawa dicarboxylic, loaʻa i ka waikawa adipic ʻelua mau hui hana carboxyl (-COOH), nāna e hāʻawi iā ia me ka reactivity kemika kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokomo koke ia i nā hopena esterification me nā alcohols, e hana ana i nā esters i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā plastics, lubricants, a me nā mea ʻala. Eia kekahi, hiki iā ia ke hana me nā diamines ma o ka condensation polymerization e hana i nā polyamides, ʻoi aku ka nylon 6,6. ʻO kēia hopena polymerization kahi kihi o nā ʻoihana fiber synthetic a me nā ʻoihana plastics engineering. Hiki i ka waikawa Adipic ke hana i nā hopena hōʻemi e hana i nā alcohols like a hiki ke hana me nā kumu e hana i nā paʻakai, i ʻike ʻia ʻo adipates.

Nā Wahi Hoʻohana

Hana ʻana o ka Polyamide (Nylon): ʻO ka hoʻohana nui loa a koʻikoʻi loa o ka waikawa adipic aia i ka hana ʻana o nā polyamides, ʻoi aku ka nylon 6,6. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hana ka waikawa adipic me ka hexamethylenediamine i loko o kahi hopena polymerization condensation. ʻO ka nylon 6,6 hopena he plastic ʻenekinia hana kiʻekiʻe i kaulana no kona ikaika, kūpaʻa, kū'ē i ka abrasion, a me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi loa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Nylon 6,6 i ka ʻoihana kaʻa no nā ʻāpana e like me nā ʻāpana mīkini, nā kia, a me nā bearings. He mea nui nō hoʻi ia i ka ʻoihana lole, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai e hana i nā lole kiʻekiʻe no nā lole, nā kāpeti, a me ka upholstery ma muli o kona ikaika, kūpaʻa, a me ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi i nā dyes.

Nā mea hoʻopili a me nā mea hoʻoluʻu: Hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa Adipic e hana i nā plasticizers i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka adipate. Hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau plasticizers i nā polymers, ʻoiai ka polyvinyl chloride (PVC), e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou maʻalahi, ka hiki ke hana, a me ke kūpaʻa. Makemake ʻia nā plasticizers Adipate i nā noi kahi e pono ai ka maʻalahi o ka mahana haʻahaʻa, e like me ka hana ʻana o ka insulation wiring automotive, nā tubing lapaʻau, a me nā huahana PVC pale anu. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia nā esters i loaʻa mai ka waikawa adipic ma ke ʻano he lubricants i nā noi ʻoihana like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i nā waiwai anti-wear a me anti-friction maikaʻi loa, a kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mīkini, nā kia, a me nā ʻōnaehana mechanical ʻē aʻe.

ʻOihana Meaʻai a me Mea Inu (Hoʻohana Kūlike ʻole): ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopau pololei ʻia ka waikawa adipic i ka meaʻai, hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea pili i ka meaʻai a me nā lako hana meaʻai. ʻO kona mau esters, i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai i nā uhi a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa no nā mea hoʻopili meaʻai, kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka pono a me ka palekana o nā huahana meaʻai ma ka pale ʻana i ka haumia a me ka mālama ʻana i ka hou o ka huahana. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā polymers i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waikawa adipic i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana lako e pili ana i ka meaʻai i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, e like me nā kāʻei conveyor a me nā sila.

Nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonani: I loko o ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa adipic ma ke ʻano he excipient i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau. Hiki iā ia ke hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa e kāohi i ka pH o nā hopena lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā hoʻokuʻu, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke kūpaʻa a me ka pono o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. I loko o ka ʻoihana hoʻonaninani, hoʻohana ʻia nā esters waikawa adipic i nā huahana like ʻole, e like me nā kirīmi, nā lotion, a me nā lipsticks, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano, hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻolaha, a hāʻawi i nā waiwai emollient, e hoʻoluʻolu a laumania ka ʻili.

Nā ʻAno Hoʻomākaukau

Ka hoʻokahe ʻana o Cyclohexane: ʻO kēia ke ʻano hana ʻoihana nui no ka hana ʻana i ka waikawa adipic. Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana me ka oxidation o ka cyclohexane i ke alo o kahi mea hoʻoulu, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi mea hoʻoulu i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka cobalt. I ka oxidation pae mua, hana ka cyclohexane me ka ea a i ʻole ka oxygen e hana i kahi hui o ka cyclohexanol a me ka cyclohexanone, kahi hana i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kaʻina hana "KA aila" (ketone - ʻaila waiʻona). Hana ʻia ka hopena ma kahi mahana o 150 - 160°C a me ke kaomi o 1 - 1.5 MPa. Ma hope mai, hoʻoulu hou ʻia ka aila KA i kahi hopena pae ʻelua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa nitric ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu, maʻamau ma kahi mahana o 60 - 80°C a me ke kaomi lewa. Hoʻololi kēia oxidation pae ʻelua i ka cyclohexanol a me ka cyclohexanone i ka waikawa adipic. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i kēia ʻano hana kekahi mau pilikia kaiapuni, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa nitric e hoʻopuka i ka nitrous oxide (N₂O), he kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika, a pono e mālama pono i nā kahawai ʻōpala.

Nā ʻAno Hana Biotechnological: I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ulu nui ka hoihoi i nā ʻano hana biotechnological no ka hana ʻana i ka waikawa adipic ma ke ʻano he koho ʻē aʻe e hoʻomau nei. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā microorganisms, e like me ka bacteria i hana ʻia i ka genetically a i ʻole ka hū, e hoʻololi i nā feedstocks hou, e like me ke kō a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻaila mea kanu, i loko o ka waikawa adipic ma o kahi moʻo o nā ala metabolic. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hana ʻia kekahi mau bacteria e hana i nā mea waena e hiki ke hoʻololi hou ʻia i loko o ka waikawa adipic. ʻOiai ke kū nei kēia mau ʻano hana biotechnological i ke kahua hoʻomohala a ke kū nei i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka huahana a me ke kumukūʻai - pono, hāʻawi lākou i ka hiki ke hana hou aku i ka waikawa adipic i ke kaiapuni a me ka hoʻomau i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Nā Mālama

Nā Pōʻino Ola: Hiki i ka waikawa Adipic ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻili a me nā maka ke pili pololei. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili no ka manawa lōʻihi a i ʻole ka hana hou ʻana e alakaʻi i ka dermatitis, a inā pili ia me nā maka, hiki iā ia ke hana i ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻeha, a me ka hōʻino paha i ka cornea. ʻO ka hanu ʻana i nā ʻāpana lepo o ka waikawa adipic e hoʻonāukiuki i ke ala hanu, e hana ai i ka ʻū ʻana, ka wheezing, a me ka pōkole o ka hanu. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i ka nui o ka waikawa adipic hiki ke alakaʻi i ka ʻeha ʻōpū, me ka nausea, ka luaʻi, a me ka maʻi diarrhea. Pono nā limahana e lawelawe ana i ka waikawa adipic e komo i nā lako palekana pilikino kūpono, e like me nā mīkina lima, nā goggles palekana, a me nā masks hanu, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahi e hiki ai ke hana ʻia ka lepo.

Nā Pōʻino o ke Ahi a me ka Pahū: ʻOiai he kiʻekiʻe ke kiko lapalapa o ka waikawa adipic, he mea hiki ke puhi. Ma ke ʻano pauka, hiki iā ia ke hana i nā hui pahū me ka ea inā hoʻopuehu ʻia i nā nui kūpono. Pono e mālama ʻia nā wahi mālama mai nā kumu hoʻā, a he mea nui ka ea kūpono e pale aku ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka lepo. I ka hihia o ke ahi e pili ana i ka waikawa adipic, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻopau ahi kūpono, e like me ka pauka kemika maloʻo a i ʻole ke kalapona ʻokikene.

Ka hopena o ke kaiapuni: He paʻa iki ka waikawa Adipic i ke kaiapuni. Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā kino wai, hiki ke hoʻohaumia ʻia e nā microorganism i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, akā hiki i nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe ke loaʻa ka hopena i ke ola wai. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopilikia i ka pH o nā ʻōnaehana wai ma muli o kona ʻano waikawa. No laila, he mea nui ka hoʻokele ʻōpala kūpono a me nā hana hoʻopaʻa e pale aku i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻia o ka waikawa adipic i ke kaiapuni. Pono nā ʻoihana e hana ana a hoʻohana paha i ka waikawa adipic e pili i nā lula kaiapuni koʻikoʻi e hōʻemi i kona hopena i ka lepo, ka wai, a me ka maikaʻi o ka ea.

Nā kikoʻī

Palapala Mana Kūlana